The Relationship Between Facebook Usage And Social Capital Media Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2335 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? (Dissertation proposal)facebook pic.png 1. Introduction The purpose of this research is to investigate the recent phenomenon known as social networks, and in particular the social networks associated with the World Wide Web and their impact on the social welfare (also known as social capital) of people. This topic is of particular interest to the researcher because of the increasing importance and span of the online social network sites. Thus understanding how they impact society in general. The scope of the research will be The Facebook à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the biggest at this time online social network. The reason for the topic is the increase of the website in our lives and the many disputations whether it has positive or negative impact on its users. Therefore adequate research regarding key concepts and connections between The Facebook and social capital would benefit anyone who is interested in online social networks and their influence over societies. Before continuing with the research it is important to introduce key concepts and d efinitions which is to make easier for the reader to understand the matters at hand. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Relationship Between Facebook Usage And Social Capital Media Essay" essay for you Create order 1.1 Key Definitions A  social network  is a  social structure  made up of individuals (or organizations) called nodes, which are tied (connected) by one or more specific types of  interdependency, such as  friendship,  kinship, common interest, financial exchange, dislike,  sexual relationships, or relationships of beliefs, knowledge or  prestige. As in almost everything in present days, the internet influences the social networks. A good example of that is the created in 2004 online social network: The Facebook. By 2007 it was reported to have more than 21 million registered members generating 1.6 billion page views each day (Needham Company, 2007). The site is closely incorporated into the everyday media practices of its users: Ordinary users spend about 20 minutes a day on the site, and two-thirds of users log in at least once a day (Cassidy, 2006; Needham Company, 2007). 1.2 Aims and Objectives The aim of this research is to examine the relationship between the use of Facebook, and the development and preservation of social capital à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" both bonding and bridging. Its objective is to determine whether online social networks and in particular The facebook have positive or negative impact on societies. 1.3 Key Research Questions Is Facebook positively connected with individuals who perceive bridging social capital? Will Facebook intensity be positively associated with people who perceive bonding social capital? Is Facebook helping people with face to face communication difficulties? Facebook Survey Pie Chart The remainder of the research is organized as follows: Section 2 reviews conceptual development and theories of the research questions. Section 3 reviews the research methods and how they address the questions and how the data will be collected. Section 4 shows the research plan vie diagram, displaying the different activities involved in producing the actual work and how they will happen in time. Section 5 concludes the research proposal by highlighting the importance of the research questions and their connection with the different theories. Section 6 is the bibliography and reference used for the research. 2. Literature Review Previous research suggests that Facebook users engage in searching for people with whom they have an offline connection more than they browse for complete strangers to meet (Lampe, Ellison, Steinfield, 2006). Much of the early research on online communities supposed that individuals using these systems would be linking with others outside their pre-existing social group or location, liberating them to form communities around mutual interests, as opposed to shared geography (Garton, Guila Haythornthaite, Dimitrova, Salaff, Wellman 1996). A benchmark of this early research is the assumption that when online and offline social networks overlapped, the directionality was  online to offlineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ online connections resulted in face-to-face meetings. For example Parks and Floyd (1996) report, that one-third of their respondents later met their online correspondents offline. As they mark, These findings imply that relationships that begin online rarely stay there. Much of the existing academic research on Facebook has focused on identity presentation and privacy (e.g., Gross Acquisti, 2005; Stutzman, 2006). Looking at the amount of data Facebook users present about themselves, the fairly open nature of the information, and the lack of privacy controls enacted by the users, Gross and Acquisti (2005) argue that users may be putting themselves at exposure both offline (e.g., stalking) and online (e.g., identify theft). Other recent Facebook study examines student perceptions of instructor presence and self-disclosure (Hewitt Forte, 2006; Mazer, Murphy, Simonds, 2007), sequential patterns of use (Golder, Wilkinson, Huberman, 2007), and the relationship between profile structure and friendship communication (Lampe, Ellison, Steinfield, 2007). Putnam (2000) distinguishes between bridging and bonding social capital. The former is linked to what network researchers refer to as weak ties, which are loose connections between persons who may provide useful information or fresh perspectives for one another but on average not emotional support (Granovetter, 1982). On the other hand, bonding social capital is found between individuals in tightly-knit, emotionally close relationships, such as family and close friends. Social capital generally refers to the assets accumulated through the relationships between people (Coleman, 1988). Social capital is a flexible term with a range of definitions in numerous fields (Adler Kwon, 2002), conceived of as both a cause and an effect (Resnick, 2001; Williams, 2006). Bourdieu and Wacquant (1992) define social capital as the sum of the resources, actual or virtual, that accrue to an individual or a group by virtue of possessing a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition (p. 14). The assets from these relationships can fluctuate in form and function based on the relationships themselves. Social capital has been related to a diversity of positive social outcomes, such as better public health, lower crime rates, and more resourceful financial markets (Adler Kwon, 2002). According to numerous instruments of social capital, this important resource has been deteriorating in the U.S. for the past several years (Putnam, 2000). When social capital declines, a community experiences augmented social disorder, reduced involvement in public activities, and potentially more mistrust among society members. Greater social capital increases commitment to a community and the ability to organize collective actions, among other benefits. Social capital may also be used for harmful purposes, but in general it is seen as a positive effect of interaction among participants in a social network (Helliwell Putnam, 2004). The Internet has been linked both to increases and decreases in social capital. Nie (2001), for instance, argued that Internet use detracts from face-to-face time with others, which might weaken an individuals social capital. However, this viewpoint has received strong criticism (Bargh McKenna, 2004). Furthermore, a number of researchers have claimed that online connections may add to or replace in-person interactions, mitigating any loss from time spent online (Wellman, Haase, Witte, Hampton, 2001). In fact, studies of physical (e.g., geographical) communities supported by online networks, such as the Blacksburg Electronic Village, have found out that computer-mediated interactions have had constructive effects on community relations, involvement, and social capital (Hampton Wellman, 2003; Kavanaugh, Carroll, Rosson, Zin, Reese, 2005). Lately, researchers have emphasized the significance of Online-based linkages for the formation of weak ties, which provide the foundations of bridging social capital. Donath and boyd (2004) theorize that SNSs (Social Network Services) could to a great extent add to the weak ties one could form and maintain, because the technology is well-suited to maintaining such ties inexpensively and effortlessly. Based on the earlier work, one could suggest the following assumption: Concentration of Facebook use should be positively connected with individuals perceived bridging social capital.    It is obvious that the Internet facilitates new connections, in that it provides people with another way to connect with others who share their interests or relationship goals (Ellison, Heino, Gibbs, 2006; Horrigan, 2002; Parks Floyd, 1996). These new connections may cause an increase in social capital; for example, a 2006 Pew Internet study analysed that online users are more likely to have a larger network of close ties than non-Internet users, and that Internet users are more likely than non-users to obtain help from core network members (Boase, Horrigan, Wellman, Rainie, 2006). Williams (2006) argues that even though researchers have examined possible downfalls of social capital in offline communities due to greater Internet use, they have not effectively explored online gains that could compensate for this. For that reason it could be proposed a second assumption on the relationship between Facebook use and close ties: Concentration of Facebook use should be positively related with individuals perceived bonding social capital. 3. Methodology The ontology of this research is such as: although Facebook is virtual and without material component, one can view and describe it as a real object, because it can be used, felt and its existence proved. Second is the epistemology, for which the objective perspective is used, because Facebook is seen as separate entity from the individual user. The environment is constant, thus the result is that the individual`s profile is what changes according to the virtual surrounding. This perspective makes it easier for marketers to analyse the user behaviour and give firms the opportunity to efficiently advertise and sell their products for maximizing profits. To provide evidence that the research findings are indeed correct, the positivist assumption will be used, because it is better and more accurate way of describing the topic, giving exact data for the research. An example of bad secondary date is the following pie chart: https://media.brainz.org/uploads/2009/02/facebook.png For the purpose of the research a comparison of the terms primary and secondary data is needed, so one can see why the author of the research chooses the second. Primary data is collected to be up to date and topic specific. This in no doubt leads to better and more accurate results. The big downfall of this method is its time consuming nature and the fact it is really expensive. On the other hand Secondary data is identified by Saunders et al (2003) as data previously collected, stored or published. The big plus of secondary data is that it is already published, analysed, structured and is reviewed by other professors and academics, who already evaluated it. There are two types of secondary data identified by Saunders et al (2003). These are qualitative and quantitative data. The qualitative data is usually analyses and text-like definitions whereas quantitative data is usually related to statistics and numbers. A good source of quantitative secondary data is census, housing, social security as well as electoral statistics and other related databases. It is exactly this type of data, that would be best to use in this research as it is easier, cheaper and less time consuming to obtain, while relatively reliable and least, but not last, by using secondary data it is easier to avoid privacy problems with the people the information was gathered from. As every method, secondary data has its disadvantages, which in this case are that the data may be collected for a different from the researcher`s aim and thus it can be distorted. The access to some secondary data sources can be costly and difficult. Furthermore it is proved that one has no real control over the quality and reliability of the secondary data at all. (Saunders, M. Et al. 2003) For that reason when collecting the secondary data it is vital to measure its validity and whether it meets the researcher`s needs. There is always bias in the data, so it is important to find as many sources as possible to minim ise the bias. (Saunders, M. Et al. 2003). For this exact research the secondary data will be collected from analysed written surveys, questionnaires, telephone surveys, observation focus groups and existing records. Each of those has their own pros and cons in terms of how much qualitative data can be extracted out of them. It is clear that written surveys with determined scales will give more pure numbers and thus make the descriptive statistics analysis easier. On the other hand processing telephone surveys and observation focus groups would be harder and more time consuming. But as stated above one need as much data sources as possible to fully analyse and give reliable and non biased answer on a topic as large as the impact of the largest online social network à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Facebook on its users. 4. Research plan: Step one: writing the proposition Step two: make a research on the possible resources available and making a list of the most useful sources. Step three: Following the proposition methods, mine the needed quantitative data from the resources. Step four: Analyse and process the raw quantitative mined data via descriptive statistics analysis and the qualitative data analysis. Step five: Summaries the data found from the previous steps and based on it start writing the actual dissertation. Step six: Review the Reference and bibliography carefully and write it. Step seven: Give the semi-finished dissertation to the advisor for ideas of improvement. Step eight: Improve and polish the dissertation and then wrap it up for submission.https://thomaslarock.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/datamining.jpg https://www.42u.com/images/data-center-resources.jpghttps://howtowriteathesis.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/writingabook.jpg https://lib.store.yahoo.net/lib/classic-motoring/Flex3401VRGCarPolisher.jpg -1 -2- -3-https://www.whole-person-counseling.com/Images/bookstack.gifhttps://onetick.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/innovation_1.jpg?w=640 https://images.huffingtonpost.com/2008-11-17-2Advisor.GIF -4--5- -6- -7- -8- 5. Conclusion With the data that could be gathered using the models described above, one will have a more in-depth, reliable and useful information about the actual benefits and drawbacks Facebook gives in terms of social and bonding capital. It will be seen whether the theories suggesting Facebook helps people with face communication difficulties are indeed true. In general, conducting this research will provide data that is important for understanding the ever-growing online social networks and how to cultivate them to bring maximum benefits, not only for socializing, but for businesses, education, helping people overcome socializing problems and improving our lives in general.https://www.neurosoftware.ro/programming-blog/wp-content/plugins/wp-o-matic/cache/521f7_facebook_like_button.jpg

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Ode on a Grecian Urn Essay Example For Students

Ode on a Grecian Urn Essay Ode on a Grecian Urn Summary, In the first stanza, the speaker, standing before an ancient Grecian urn, addresses the urn, preoccupied with its depiction of pictures frozen in time. It is the â€Å"still unravish’d bride of quietness,† the â€Å"foster-child of silence and slow time.† He also describes the urn as a â€Å"historian,† which can tell a story. He wonders about the figures on the side of the urn, and asks what legend they depict, and where they are from. He looks at a picture that seems to depict a group of men pursuing a group of women, and wonders what their story could be: â€Å"What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape? What pipes and timbrels? What wild ecstasy?† In the second stanza, the speaker looks at another picture on the urn, this time of a young man playing a pipe, lying with his lover beneath a glade of trees. The speaker says that the piper’s â€Å"unheard† melody’s are sweeter than mortal melodies, because they are unaffected by time. 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(As in other odes, this is only a general rule, true of some stanzas more than others; stanzas such as the fifth do not connect rhyme scheme and thematic structure closely at all. .u5b5fe3e96c82235c684c5ed15eec196f , .u5b5fe3e96c82235c684c5ed15eec196f .postImageUrl , .u5b5fe3e96c82235c684c5ed15eec196f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5b5fe3e96c82235c684c5ed15eec196f , .u5b5fe3e96c82235c684c5ed15eec196f:hover , .u5b5fe3e96c82235c684c5ed15eec196f:visited , .u5b5fe3e96c82235c684c5ed15eec196f:active { border:0!important; } .u5b5fe3e96c82235c684c5ed15eec196f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5b5fe3e96c82235c684c5ed15eec196f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5b5fe3e96c82235c684c5ed15eec196f:active , .u5b5fe3e96c82235c684c5ed15eec196f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5b5fe3e96c82235c684c5ed15eec196f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5b5fe3e96c82235c684c5ed15eec196f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5b5fe3e96c82235c684c5ed15eec196f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5b5fe3e96c82235c684c5ed15eec196f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5b5fe3e96c82235c684c5ed15eec196f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5b5fe3e96c82235c684c5ed15eec196f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5b5fe3e96c82235c684c5ed15eec196f .u5b5fe3e96c82235c684c5ed15eec196f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5b5fe3e96c82235c684c5ed15eec196f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: African Elephant Essay) Themes If the â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† portrays Keats’s speaker’s engagement with the fluid expressiveness of music, the â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn† portrays his attempt to engage with the static immobility of sculpture. The Grecian urn, passed down through countless centuries to the time of the speaker’s viewing of it, exists outside of time in the human sense–it does not age, it does not die, and indeed it is alien to all such concepts. In the speaker’s meditation, this creates an intriguing paradox for the human figures carved into the side of the urn: they are free from time, but they are simul taneously frozen in time. They do not have to confront aging and death (their love is â€Å"for ever young†), but neither can they have experience (the youth can never kiss the maiden; the figures in the procession can never return to their homes). The speaker attempts three times to engage with scenes carved into the urn; each time he asks different questions of it. In the first stanza, he examines the picture of the â€Å"mad pursuit,† and wonders what actual story lies behind the picture: â€Å"What men or gods are these? What maidens loth?† Of course, the urn can never tell him the whos, whats, whens, and wheres of the stories it depicts, and the speaker is forced to abandon this line of questioning. In the second and third stanzas, he examines the picture of the piper playing to his lover beneath the trees. Here, the speaker tries to imagine what the experience of the figures on the urn must be like; he tries to identify with them. He is tempted by their escape from temporality, and attracted to the eternal newness of the piper’s unheard song, and to the eternally unchanging beauty of his lover. He thinks that their love is â€Å"far above† all transient human passion, which, in its sexual expression, inevitably leads to an abatement of intensity–when passion is satisfied, all that remains is a wearied physicality: a sorrowful heart, a â€Å"burning forehead,† and a â€Å"parching tongue.† His recollection of these conditions seems to remind the speaker that he is inescapably subject to them, and he abandons his attempt to identify with the figures on the urn. In the fourth stanza, the speaker attempts to think about the figures on the urn as though they were experiencing human time, imagining that their procession has an origin (the â€Å"little town†) and a destination (the â€Å"green altar†). But all he can think is that the town will forever be deserted: if these people have left their origin, they will never return to it. In this sense he confronts head-on the limits of static art; if it is impossible to learn from the urn the whos and wheres of the â€Å"real story† in the first stanza, it is impossible ever to know the origin and the destination of the figures on the urn in the fourth. It is true that the speaker shows a certain kind of progress in his successive attempts to engage with the urn. His idle curiosity in the first attempt gives way to a more deeply felt identification in the second, and in the third, the speaker leaves his own concerns behind and thinks of the processional purely on its own terms, thinking of the â€Å"little town† with a real and generous feeling. But each attempt ultimately ends in failure. The third attempt fails simply because there is nothing more to say–once the speaker confronts the silence and eternal emptiness of the little town, he has reached the limit of static art; on this subject, at least, there is nothing more the urn can tell him. In the final stanza, the speaker presents the conclusions drawn from his three attempts to engage with the urn. He is overwhelmed by its existence outside of temporal change, with its ability to â€Å"tease† him â€Å"out of thought / As doth eternity. .u17781d941a4a89971f0ab3736598f64b , .u17781d941a4a89971f0ab3736598f64b .postImageUrl , .u17781d941a4a89971f0ab3736598f64b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u17781d941a4a89971f0ab3736598f64b , .u17781d941a4a89971f0ab3736598f64b:hover , .u17781d941a4a89971f0ab3736598f64b:visited , .u17781d941a4a89971f0ab3736598f64b:active { border:0!important; } .u17781d941a4a89971f0ab3736598f64b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u17781d941a4a89971f0ab3736598f64b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u17781d941a4a89971f0ab3736598f64b:active , .u17781d941a4a89971f0ab3736598f64b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u17781d941a4a89971f0ab3736598f64b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u17781d941a4a89971f0ab3736598f64b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u17781d941a4a89971f0ab3736598f64b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u17781d941a4a89971f0ab3736598f64b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u17781d941a4a89971f0ab3736598f64b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u17781d941a4a89971f0ab3736598f64b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u17781d941a4a89971f0ab3736598f64b .u17781d941a4a89971f0ab3736598f64b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u17781d941a4a89971f0ab3736598f64b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Causes Of World War I Essay† If human life is a succession of â€Å"hungry generations,† as the speaker suggests in â€Å"Nightingale,† the urn is a separate and self-contained world. It can be a â€Å"friend to man,† as the speaker says, but it cannot be mortal; the kind of aesthetic connection the speaker experiences with the urn is ultimately insufficient to human life. The final two lines–in which the speaker imagines the urn speaking its message to mankind–†Beauty is truth, truth beauty†Ã¢â‚¬â€œhave proved among the most difficult to interpret in the Keats canon. After the urn utters the enigmatic phrase â€Å"Beau ty is truth, truth beauty,† no one can say for sure who â€Å"speaks† the conclusion, â€Å"that is all / Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know†; it could be the speaker addressing the urn, and it could be the urn addressing mankind. If it is the speaker addressing the urn, then it would seem to indicate his awareness of its limitations: the urn may not need to know anything beyond the equation of beauty and truth, but the complications of human life make it impossible for such a simple and self-contained phrase to express sufficiently anything about necessary human knowledge. If it is the urn addressing mankind, then the phrase has rather the weight of an important lesson, as though beyond all the complications of human life, all human beings need to know on earth is that beauty and truth are one and the same. Which reading to accept is largely a matter of personal interpretation.

Aids And You Essays - Sexually Transmitted Diseases And Infections

Aids And You (May 1987) By Martin H. Goodman MD (this essay is in the public domain) Introduction: AIDS is a life and death issue. To have the AIDS disease is at present a sentence of slow but inevitable death. I've already lost one friend to AIDS. I may soon lose others. My own sexual behavior and that of many of my friends has been profoundly altered by it. In my part of the country, one man in 10 may already be carrying the AIDS virus. While the figures may currently be less in much of the rest of the country, this is changing rapidly. There currently is neither a cure, nor even an effective treatment, and no vaccine either. But there are things that have been PROVEN immensely effective in slowing the spread of this hideously lethal disease. In this essay I hope to present this information. History and Overview: AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Defficiency Disease. It is caused by a virus. The disease originated somewhere in Afr ica about 20 years ago. There it first appeared as a mysterious ailment afflicting primarily heterosexuals of both sexes. It probably was spread especially fast by primarily female prostitutes there. AIDS has already become a crisis of STAGGERING proportions in parts of Africa. In Zaire, it is estimated that over twenty percent of the adults currently carry the virus. That figure is increasing. And what occurred there will, if no cure is found, most likely occur here among heterosexual folks. AIDS was first seen as a disease of gay males in this country. This was a result of the fact that gay males in this culture in the days before AIDS had an average of 200 to 400 new sexual contacts per year. This figure was much higher than common practice among heterosexual (straight) men or women. In addition, it turned out that rectal sex was a particularly effective way to transmit the disease, and rectal sex is a common practice among gay males. For the se reasons, the disease spread in the gay male population of this country immensely more quickly than in other populations. It became to be thought of as a "gay disease". Because the disease is spread primarily by exposure of ones blood to infected blood or semen, I.V. drug addicts who shared needles also soon were identified as an affected group. As the AIDS epidemic began to affect increasingly large fractions of those two populations (gay males and IV drug abusers), many of the rest of this society looked on smugly, for both populations tended to be despised by the "mainstream" of society here. But AIDS is also spread by heterosexual sex. In addition, it is spread by blood transfusions. New born babies can acquire the disease from infected mothers during pregnancy. Gradually more and more "mainstream" folks got the disease. Most recently, a member of congress died of the disease. Finally, even the national news media began to join in the task of educating the public to the notion that AIDS can affect everyone. Basic medical research began to provide a few bits of information, and some help. The virus causing the disease was isolated and identified. The AIDS virus turned out to be a very unusual sort of virus. Its genetic material was not DNA, but RNA. When it infected human cells, it had its RNA direct the synthesis of viral DNA. While RNA viruses are not that uncommon, very few RNA viruses reproduce by setting up the flow of information from RNA to DNA. Such reverse or "retro" flow of information does not occur at all in any DNA virus or any other living things. Hence, the virus was said to belong to the rare group of virues called "Retro Viruses". Research provided the means to test donated blood for the presence of the antibodies to the virus, astronomically reducing the chance of ones getting AIDS from a blood transfusion. This was one of the first real breakthroughs. The sa me discoveries that allowed us to make our blood bank blood supply far safer also allowed us to be able to tell (in most cases) whether one has been exposed to the AIDS virus using a simple

Profile of Andrei Chikatilo, Serial Killer

Profile of Andrei Chikatilo, Serial Killer Andrei Chikatilo, nicknamed The Butcher of Rostov, was one of the former Soviet Unions most infamous serial killers. Between 1978 and 1990, he is believed to have sexually assaulted, mutilated, and murdered at least fifty women and children. In 1992, he was convicted 52 counts of murder, for which he received a death sentence. Fast Facts: Andrei Chikatilo Also Known As: The Butcher of Rostov, The Red RipperKnown For: Serial killer convicted of 52 counts of murderBorn: October 16, 1936 in Yabluchne, UkraineDied: February 14, 1994 in Novocherkassk, Russia Early Years Born in 1936 in Ukraine, to impoverished parents, Chikatilo rarely had enough to eat as a boy. In his teens, Chikatilo was an introvert and avid reader, and attended rallies and meetings with the Communist Party. At 21, he joined the Soviet Army and served two years, as required by Soviet law. By the early 1970s, Chikatilo was working as a teacher, and that was when he committed his first known sexual assault. Both Chikatilo and his wife, as well as at least one former girlfriend, stated he was impotent. Crimes In 1973, Chikatilo fondled the breasts of a teenage student and then ejaculated on her; a few months later there was a repeat offense against another student. Despite complaints by parents, as well as rumors that he repeatedly masturbated in front of pupils, he was never charged with these crimes. Within a few months, however, the schools director finally told him to either resign or be fired; Chikatilo opted for voluntary resignation. He drifted from one school to another over the next several years, until his career ended in March 1981, when he was accused of molesting students of both sexes. Still, no charges were filed, and he took work as traveling supply clerk for a factory. By this time, he had already committed at least one murder. In December 1978, Chikatilo kidnapped and attempted to rape nine-year-old Yelena Zakotnova. Still suffering from impotence, he choked and stabbed her, and then threw her body in the Grushevka River. Later, Chikatilo claimed that he had ejaculated while stabbing Yelena. Police investigators found several pieces of evidence connecting him to Yelena, including blood in the snow near his home, and a witness who saw a man matching his description speaking to the child at her bus stop. However, a laborer who lived nearby was arrested, pushed into a confession, and convicted of the girls murder. He was eventually executed for the crime, and Chikatilo remained free. In 1981, twenty-one-year-old Larisa Tkachenko vanished in the city of Rostov. She was last seen exiting the library, and her body was found in a nearby forest the next day. She had been brutally attacked, beaten and strangled to death. In his later confession, Chikatilo said he had attempted intercourse with her but had been unable to achieve an erection. After killing her, he mutilated her body with a sharp stick and his teeth. At the time, however, there was no link between Chikatilo and Larisa. Nine months later, Lyubov Biryuk, thirteen, was walking home from the store when Chikatilo leaped out of the bushes, grabbed her, tore off her clothes and stabbed her nearly two dozen times. Her body was found two weeks later. Over the next few months, Chikatilo escalated his homicidal urges, killing at least five more young people between the ages of nine and eighteen before the end of 1982. His typical modus operandi was to approach runaways and homeless children, lure them to an isolated location, and then kill them either by stabbing or strangulation. He violently mutilated the bodies after death, and later said that the only way he could achieve orgasm was by killing. In addition to adolescents of both sexes, Chikatilo also targeted adult women working as prostitutes. Investigation A Moscow police unit began working on the crimes, and after studying the mutilations on the bodies, soon determined that at least four of the homicides were the work of a single killer. As they interrogated potential suspects - many of whom were coerced into confessing to a variety of crimes - more bodies began to surface. In 1984, Chikatilo came to the attention of Russian police when he was spotted trying to repeatedly talk to young women at bus stations, often rubbing himself up against them. Upon delving into his background, they soon discovered his past history and the rumors about his teaching career years earlier. However, a blood type analysis failed to link him to evidence found on the bodies of several victims, and he was largely left alone. By the end of 1985, after more murders took place, a man named Issa Kostoyev was appointed to lead the investigation. By now, more than two dozen homicides had been linked as the work of a single person. Cold cases were re-examined and previously questioned suspects and witnesses were interrogated again. Perhaps most importantly, Dr. Alexandr Bukhanovsky, a noted psychiatrist, was given access to all the case files. Bukhanovsky then produced a sixty-five page psychological profile of the as-yet unknown killer, the first of its kind in Soviet Russia. One of the key traits in the profile was that the murderer most likely suffered from impotence, and could only achieve arousal by killing; the knife, according to Bukhanovsky, was a substitute penis. Chikatilo continued to kill for the next several years. Because many of the victims remains had been discovered near train stations, Kostoyev deployed both undercover and uniformed officers along miles and miles of rail lines, beginning in October 1990. In November, Chikatilo murdered Svetlana Korostik; he was observed by a plainclothes officer as he approached the railway station and washed his hands in a nearby well. In addition, he had grass and dirt on his clothes, and a small wound on his face. Although the officer spoke to Chikatilo, he had no reason to arrest him, and let him go. Korostiks body was found nearby a week later. Custody, Conviction and Death Police placed Chikatilo under surveillance, and saw him continuing to attempt conversations with children and single women at rail stations. On November 20, they arrested him, and Kostoyev began interrogating him. Although Chikatilo repeatedly denied any involvement in the murders, he did write several essays while in custody that were consistent with the personality profile described by Bukhanovsky five years before. Finally, police brought Bukhanovsky himself in to talk to Chikatilo, since Kostoyev was getting nowhere. Bukhanovsky read Chikatilo excerpts from the profile, and within two hours, he had a confession. Over the next few days, Chikatilo would confess, in horrifying detail, to thirty-four murders. He later admitted to an additional twenty-two which investigators had not realized were connected. In 1992, Chikatilo was formally charged with 53 counts of murder, and was found guilty of 52 of them. In February 1994, Andrei Chikatilo, the Butcher of Rostov, was executed for his crimes with a single gunshot to the head. Sources â€Å"Andre Chikatilo: The Rostov Ripper.† Crime Investigation, 10 Aug. 2017, www.crimeandinvestigation.co.uk/crime-files/andre-chikatilo-the-rostov-ripper.Kent, James. â€Å"Darkness Visible.† The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 7 Aug. 1999, www.theguardian.com/theobserver/1999/aug/08/life1.lifemagazine.â€Å"Russian Serial Killer Had a Disturbed Past.† Google News -, New Straits Times, 20 Apr. 1992, news.google.com/newspapers?idJMFUAAAAIBAJsjidf5ADAAAAIBAJpg4499,3916322.Treen, Joe. â€Å"A Monster Caged at Last.† PEOPLE.com, Time Inc, 19 Oct. 1992, people.com/archive/a-monster-caged-at-last-vol-38-no-16/.

The Relationship between Self-Esteem and Aggression Dissertation

The Relationship between Self-Esteem and Aggression - Dissertation Example The following review of literatures will identify the findings of twelve research articles along with their originality in terms of research on the area chosen. A study by Baumeister, Bushman and Campbell (2000) bring in the importance of threatened egotism to explain the relation between aggression and self regard. The contemporary works of the authors did not confirm the association between low self-esteem and aggression which was established theoretically by traditional views. In fact the new concepts of narcissism and unstable self-esteem can foresee aggression more efficiently. The article explores the research domain with the help of different literatures, some of which explain why people with low self-esteem were less liable to cause aggression. Normally such people will try to avoid risk and hence would not take the risk of being aggressive towards others. In fact people with fluctuating self-esteem or manic depression are more likely to be aggressive and display violence during the manic phase when the person has high views about himself compared to the phase of depression when self-esteem is at its low. This also explains the aggre ssive orientation caused by alcoholic people during the phase of intoxication when the self-esteem momentarily heightens. The second part of the discussion presented in the research now moves on to explore the newer constructs in order to defend the low self-esteem hypothesis regarding aggression. Studies showed that narcissism or unstable self-esteem was more responsible for violence and aggression than low self-esteem. After studying different literatures the authors have inferred that hidden low self-esteem demonstrating self doubts might bring on aggression rather than obvious low self-esteem. In fact high self-esteem is a characteristic of both aggressive and no aggressive people. Again narcissistic people are aggressive towards specific individuals who insult or criticize them rather than being aggressive socially. The original angle in the research lies in the fact that this study explored the new constructs like threatened egotism or hidden low self-esteem rather than trying to establish he simple and direct link between self-esteem and aggression explored till then. Anderson and Bushman (2002) studied the different theories on aggression showed by human beings and the original angle of the research lies in the use of general aggression model (GAM) to incorporate different variables which reflect cognition effect, apart from situational and personological parameters. The use of this model also helps this study to identify the required research which can fill in the gaps in theoretical frameworks and this can help in testing the interventions in bringing down aggression. The study begins with definitions of aggression and related terms and then discusses the particular theories of aggressive behaviour before embarking on the General Aggression Model. The model considers three categories of inputs – person factors (values, goals, beliefs) and circumstances (drugs, pain, frustration etc) related inputs, cognitive (hostile thoughts, scripts etc), af fective (mood and emotion etc) and arousal paths along which the inputs have their final impact and lastly, the results of the implied process of appraisal and decision making. Certain means of interventions are also suggested with the help of this model and these include multisystemic therapy like family oriented methods etc, prison treatments etc and the model also predicts that with age and experience aggression might decrease. The literatures studied in the research also show the relation between high self-esteem and a