Impact Of Reconstruction - 779 Words

The Impacts of the Reconstruction: Continuity and Change Overcoming human prejudice is one of the most difficult challenges any society has faced throughout human history, and will continue to face in the future. During the post-Civil War time period, Radical Republicans and other societal activists made significant efforts in the realm of civil rights. Throughout the time period, three new constitutional amendments were created, education was expanded, and the black population was able to participate in politics at a notable level for the first time in American history. However, like all social movements, there was ultimately pushback to Reconstruction policies. Although the Reconstruction Era led to some changes in the lives of blacks,†¦show more content†¦Once Redeemer governments came back into power, a culture of white supremacy was developed, and white political dominance was regained. Because of this, efforts to disenfranchise and suppress the black population were fu rthered, resulting in the amount of black voters being restricted. Soon after, official segregation was pursued, with facilities being separated on the basis of race. Later on, this prejudicial systematic discrimination against the black population was ultimately upheld by the courts, with the Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson that segregated facilities were constitutional, as long as they were equal. However, these facilities were often anything but equal, resulting in long-term discrimination against the black community. Both of these examples clearly show that the Reconstruction, while creating certain political changes, failed to produce true long-term results in the matters of political equality. In a similar way, the social equality was not an impact of the Reconstruction Era, as the black population still faced several barriers in all matters of life. The existence of segregated facilities and Jim Crow laws are sufficient proof that this was the case, however, nothin g shows it better than lynchings, and the existence of the Ku Klux Klan. These violent and bloody actions were often looked over by the local and state legislatures, demonstrating clear societal bias against the black population. The mere fact that the Force ActsShow MoreRelatedThe Positive Impact Of Reconstruction1216 Words   |  5 Pagesuntil you die or until slavery is totally abolished? Well that’s when the Reconstruction Era comes in. The Civil War was a major cause that led to the Reconstruction Era. This was due to the Union winning the war between them and the South. The end of this war was thought to give freedom, peace, and stop the suffering of slaves all over the country, but the South didn’t want to let go of slavery that easily. Reconstruction was when the South was rebuilding and also when the country was trying toRead MoreSocial Reconstruction And Its Impact On Education1297 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Social Reconstruction is a viewpoint or philosophy of education that centers on utilizing education to eradicate social inequities. Supporters of this theory maintain clear views of education. What the function of the teacher will have to be, what the character of curriculum and will have to be, and what the procedure of guideline inside classrooms should be. The role of the teacher is to generate enlightening and thought-provoking classes so that it will open their students’ perceptionsRead More Characteristics and Impacts of American Reconstruction Essay1548 Words   |  7 PagesCharacteristics and Impacts of American Reconstruction The key goals of Reconstruction were to readmit the South into the Union and to define the status of freedmen in American society. The Reconstruction era was marked by political, not violent, conflict. Some historical myths are that the South was victimized by Reconstruction, and that the various plans of Reconstruction were corrupt and unjust. Actually, the plans were quite lenient, enforcing military rule for only a short periodRead MoreCivil Reconstruction And Its Impact On The Civil War977 Words   |  4 Pagesnot mean they would live a peaceful life. After slavery ended, Reconstruction was introduced to bring the former Confederate states back into the union . As reconstruction was getting started, Radical Republicans of the North passed the Military Reconstruction Acts of 1867 for revenge on the southerners, which divided the south into five military districts and charted how the new government would operate . As this Military Reconstruction was taking effect across the S outh, African-Americans were ableRead MoreThe United States And Its Impact On The Nation Reconstruction And Redeveloping Regional Armed Forces3333 Words   |  14 Pagesnation from collapse, and to provide support to oppressed groups and populations aligned with similar value structures. It is not a new policy tactic for the United States, there have been several cases where America has played a big role in nation reconstruction and redeveloping regional armed forces. While there have been some successful campaigns in these efforts to fight insurgency, improve conditions in regional civil conflicts, and stabilize areas, it has not always been effective policy. The UnitedRead MoreEssay on Two Part of the United States Reconstruction Era590 Words   |  3 PagesStates’ history, the Reconstruction Era had two senses. From 1865 to 1877 was the first, which involved the post Civil War action. The second sense, focused on the transformation of the Southern United States from 18 63 to 1877 with the Congress directing the issue of reconstruction of state and society (â€Å"Reconstruction Era†). Frederick Jackson Turner argued that the frontier was the chief determinant in American history (â€Å"Frederick Jackson Turner†). Both the Reconstruction impact and Frederick JacksonRead MoreFederal Government During Civil War Essay1237 Words   |  5 Pagesspecifically the Reconstruction period following it tested these principles to the core. While it may be accurate to characterize governmental struggles that defined Reconstruction as ones that were inter-branch, a more detailed and nuanced survey reveals it was borne more so out of ideologies that were incumbent within each branch. This essay surveys the ideological battles between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the federal government, and evaluates its impact on the idea ofRead MoreImportance Of Crime Scene Reconstruction928 Words   |  4 PagesCrime scene reconstruction is one of many profiling techniques used to build a profile for an offender or to solve a crime. Crime scene reconstruction uses forensic science. First Assumptions are made about how the crime was carried out. Then deductive and inductive reasoning is used to support the theory of how the crime occurred. All piece of evidence at the crime scene is Analyzed. Investigators will conduct interviews of the victim if alive, or potential witness, family members and close friendsRead More‘the Slaves Went Free and Stood for a Brief Moment in the Sun’ Du Bois; How Valid Is This View?888 Words   |  4 Pagesthe sun’ Du Bois; How valid is this view? In 1865 reconstruction begun with the aim of securing racial equality between blacks and whites in the southern states. Du Bois believes that during this period blacks ‘stood for a brief moment in the sun’. There were significant improvements to black lies that took place during this period such as their freedom of movement, re-unification of family units and improvements in education. However reconstruction also failed to secure racial equality in many waysRead MoreImpact Of The Civil War On African Americans860 Words   |  4 PagesCivil War, was terrifying. Then the Reconstruction era was born to restore, reinstate, and unite the United States as one. During the Reconstruction of 1865 through 1867, African American lives were impacted economically because they were given few rights and their resources were limited, socially because they wanted to be given an ordinary lifestyle, and politically because they weren’t allowed to be joined or linked with the govern ment. The economic impact on African Americans is their rights

Sociocultural Development in Young Children - 1154 Words

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky is a well known to be a theorist who focused on the sociocultural development in young children. Lev Vygotsky strongly believed in the importance of the interaction with peers when it comes to the children’s growing process of learning. Through Vygotsky’s research, he came up with the concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD). The zone of proximal development is the range of the child’s development of skills and abilities to which the child is able to complete a task by him or her self and needing a more experienced and knowledgeable person to help the child in order to complete a task. The zone of proximal development is an ongoing process; it constantly moves forward. As the child learns the†¦show more content†¦The zone of proximal development is an effective method to observe which areas every individual student or even as a class needs academic assistance on. Albert Bandura is another well-known theorist came up with the social learning theory. Through Bandura’s research, his theory states that children learn through behaviors as they imitate the behaviors they see around them. Bandura tested his theory with a single bobo doll in an experimental room. First an older woman went into the room that has a bobo doll and she began to â€Å"play† with the bobo doll with violence; she was hitting and kicking the bobo doll around the room; this interaction was also filmed. While the woman was â€Å"playing† with the bobo doll in the room with violence, a child was watching her interaction of play with the bobo doll in the other room through the video, which was filming the woman. The child witnessed an adult woman being very violent with the bobo doll. After the child watched the video of the woman being violent at the bobo doll, the woman came out of the room and the researchers wanted to see the child’s reaction after watching the video. So the researchers sent the boy into the same room the woman was in. The bobo doll was still in the room and the researchers also began to film the child’s behaviors interacting,Show MoreRelatedThe Sociocultural Theory Essay1710 Words   |  7 Pages The sociocultural theory was developed by a theorist named Lev Vygotsky. Vygotsky was born in 1896 and was from the former Soviet Union. He was a psychologist who had an abundance of ideas and put them into many theories and writings. Although Vygotsky died from tuberculosis at the young age of thirty-eight, his most prominent work was done in a short period of ten years. When he died in 1934, the Soviet Union held most of his work and it was not until about 1960 that his work was translated intoRead MoreEssay on Lev Vygotsky and Social Development Theory1038 Words   |  5 Pagespsychologist who created the Social Development Theory/ Sociocultural Theory. Vygotsky believed that childrens mental, la nguage, and social development is supported and enhanced through social interaction. Vygotsky also believed that beginning at birth, children seek out adults for social interactions and that development occurs through these interactions. The belief that social development sets a precedent for development(appeals to the nurture side of development). The general idea from this theoryRead MoreThe Effects Of Sociocultural Theories On Children s Learning968 Words   |  4 Pagesin the young generations and their parents until the final episode aired in 2006. In this television series Steve and his friend Blue play a game every show that involves finding Blue’s paw prints and solving the clues to find out what Blue wants. Along the way they play interactive games that involve counting, identifying colors, identifying animals and so much more. This educational program is consistent with current developmental theories and has been successful at educating young children beforeRead Mo reMy Current Perceptions Of Children s Learning Essay912 Words   |  4 Pagesfamilies and communities. Sociocultural theory maintains children’s learning is situated in the social and cultural contexts of their families and communities (Arthur et al. 2015, p. 37). Children learn in lots of different ways and in early childhood education the mantra is there is no right or wrong way for learning. How a child learns is completely individual, some children are quick to absorb learning where other children find it challenging to begin, and some other children prefer solitary play forRead MoreSociocultural Theory And Second Language Learning902 Words   |  4 PagesSociocultural Theory and Second Language Learning â€Å"Language is the most pervasive and powerful cultural artefact that humans possess to mediate their connection to the world, to each other, and to themselves† [Lantolf Thorne 2006:201]. The idea of mediation inherent in this notion of the language is a fundamental element of Sociocultural Theory [SCT], one of the most influential approach to learning and mental development since 1990s’, drawing on its origin from the work of soviet psychologistRead MoreVygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Vygotsky (1934 – 1987) Vygotsky perspective on sociocultural1000 Words   |  4 PagesVygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Vygotsky (1934 – 1987) Vygotsky perspective on sociocultural theory, his focal point is how culture relates with beliefs, values, traditions and skills in social surroundings and how they are passed from generation to generation. Vygotsky sates that social interaction is very important and how children socialise with each other in cooperative play and how they use communication with extended people who surround them in society. It is how children obtain ways of howRead MoreSociocultural Theory And The Cultural Construction1486 Words   |  6 PagesSociocultural theory, education is a process of social integration of the individual, which it means that during this process the individuals receiving and accepting the norm of society which is part of the cultural construction, according to Lev Vygotsky. As sociocultural theory is a theory that human learning and cognitive development is a social process possibly by social interaction with culture and society. It has been highligh ted in the news article â€Å"China’s WW2 Remembrance: ‘Patriotic Education’Read MoreChild And Teacher Guided Activities Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesEducation and educating young children in a developmentally appropriate method through the creation of activities that offer each child many opportunities for challenge and success. Support the growth of a child s self-image, self -esteem self- concept. A child s surrounding must offer a safe and stimulating design so that the child could have the freedom to make decisions, Improve and strengthening decision-making abilities. Children should have access to Both child and teacher guided activitiesRead MoreLev Vygostky ´s Sociocultual Theory and Deanna Kahn ´s Metacognitive Development Theory773 Words   |  4 Pagespsychologist Lev Vygostsky and his sociocultural theory. Next, I will be looking at Deanna Kuhn and the Metacognitive development theory. One of the psychologists who made a significant contribution and stimulated a lot of studies in addressing the cultural impact in human development was Vygostsky. He introduced the sociocultural theory, which focused on culture transmission from one generation to another. He also theorized with social interaction, children to acquire the way of thinking andRead MoreParenting Styles and Culture1378 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent parenting styles across cultures. There are also many myths about which parenting style is the best or the most beneficial to the social development of children. Reviewing past literature on this subject matter reveals that the authoritarian parenting style produced more overt aggression and many more social interaction difficulties among young children. Recent research point to the theory that the best parenting style is dictated by the culture in which it is practiced. A study by Whaley (2000)

Management Organizations in a Global Environment

Question: Describe about the Management and Organizations in a Global Environment? Answer: Introduction: Globalization often considered as a cause that arises on the boom time that many economies of the world has experienced before the global financial crisis in 2008. The growth in the global supply chain and international trade were viewed as the prime forces for the prosperity of the global economies. It highlighted that the enthusiasm for the globalization would viewed as economies shrank after the financial crisis. Since, world trade took a hit that increases the fear and protectionism was described. However, many processes had been set so that the world can continue able to gain benefit from the globalization concept. These observations draw connection between globalization and economics, politics and businesses. Many studies have recognized globalization as the kind of phenomenon that may be an effect and cause of several events and with the implications of several disciplines. International events that appear to be beyond the control of anybody can actually have serious impact on the business decision making by influencing the environment within which the business operates. For example, the financial crisis in the USA affected hugely in-spite of its occurrence in an industry with several regulations that is spread across the world. The lack of progress in the negotiation of Doha that commits to free global trade which affects exports of the firms. Governmental responses and terrorism have led to closer examination of the cross boarder movement of the products that raises the operational cost of the businesses. Many restrictions on the visa and immigrant issues are also bounding international choices of developing staffs that actually affecting the globalization process. The evaluation of globalization has to be accommodating the complexity of the present multidimensional nature. However, the globalization concept has able to generate considerable strength in the past few years. Especially, in the industrial sector, introduction of globalization have generat e huge amount of opportunity for the companies. Since, it provided them the opportunity to expand the business all over the world. In fact, studies have identified the fact that globalization plays a key role to a new dimension of the businesses. Main body: As opined by Ghemawat, the 2008 global crisis have forced many individuals to reformulate their beliefs about the globalization and market. The book of world 3.0 highlighted the crisis and its afterwards affects on the economy that covers several reactions across the economic and political spectrum. Many experts have expressed their belief that want and need of the world market and want the financial system of the world to continue its trajectory. Many also argue in favor on the government, as they perceived that the government has little impact on the process of globalization as compared to the marketers. However, financial crisis have influenced economies to restructure the entire economical processes so that it can actually manage to handle future situation like this much more effectively. According to Aas (2013) society have to respond according to the change in the economic condition with completely new strategies. However, Ghemawat brings together completely opposite standards as it joins economic integration with national rules and regulations. The book also proposes more integration so that the economy can able to achieve higher propensity within the rules imposed by the government to surpass those problems that an unbound market can actually cause to the economy. Altbach (2015) emphasizes on the semi-global market. Since, geographical distance or national boundaries are considered as the important distinction. The problems that cause problems for majority of the people about globalization are not that complex, if businesses, individuals, and political authorities approach them with new attitudes and ideas. Understanding of the global market is crucial to fix the problems that are arising from the issue of globalization (Scott 2013). The fixing of the global problems depends on several factors that the economy has to counter. Firstly, the economy will have to focus on the issue of global concentration (Palan, Murphy and Chavagneux 2013). Fears of oligopolies and monopolies arise primarily from the misconception that single-world economy is possible in the market. Many studies have made on the international companies that actually depicts increase amount the competitions among the businesses. Therefore, it reduces the chances of forming global concentrate economy. Global externalities are another factor that mentioned in the book of world 3.0. As many complains that globalization increases a ctivity in both domestic and international market, pollution level also tend to increase (Baylis, Smith and Owens 2013). However, the study mentioned the fact that the environmental affect has minimized with the use of green technology. In fact, global cooperation has cut rain up to 65% in the recent years. In addition, private organizations are also trying to focus on the global ecological issues in order to minimize the negative impact on the environment. Anthony Giddens illustrates globalization as the intensification of social relations linking societies in such a way that all the local incident are shaped by the events, which is happening thousands of miles away (Beck 2015). However, all attempts at defining the processes of globalization not necessarily results in simplification. Giddens describes four factors of globalization. Firstly, it focuses on the world capitalist economy. Since, the major concentration of power is come from the capitalist economy. The international and domestic economic policies of these capitalist states involve many forms of rules that cover economic activity. However, institutional companies maintain insulation. It allows variety of scope for the international activities of the businesses (Benera, Berik and Floro 2015). In present time, the biggest transitional organizations have budget higher than those of all but few countries. The second factor of globalization has participated long in the reflexivit y characteristic of modernity as a whole. According to Docquier and Rapoport (2012) sovereignty have to be evaluated as something that monitored reflexively. It also related to the replacement of the frontiers at the initial state of the nation-state system. In fact, the state claimed the autonomy inside the territory that is passed by the recognition of borders by different states. The third factor illustrates the world military order (Fujita and Thisse 2013). This is crucial since the modern weaponry holds massive destruction power. In fact, every states processes huge excess amount of military. Even the third world weak economy countries are also having powerful military system. At the time of the cold war, the two most developed countries in terms of military power, Soviet Union and the United States of America develop a bipolar system of military alliances of truly global scope. Fourth factor of globalization deals with the industrial development (Dunning 2014). The prime aspec ts of this expansion of the global division of labor, which includes the differentiation between less and more industrialized areas of the world. According to Evans (2012) globalization is a form of increase amount of integration through investment and trade is an important factor that plays a key role in minimizing the global inequality and poverty. However, effectiveness of globalization depends on many other factors as well. In fact, many argue the fact that there is a misconception regarding the kind of impact that globalization actually can make on the poverty level of the society. They argue the fact that the prime impact has been made by the national policies regarding the implementation of the globalization (Narula 2014). Therefore, government of the countries will have to utilize the globalization in such a way that it actually can able to cover negative aspect of the process. According to Hay and Marsh (2016) poverty is one of the major concern for the entire world. Since, almost 5 billion of people are currently lives below the poverty line. As a result, many argue the fact that the globalization impact on the pover ty level is not as much as it looks like. However, many studies also argues with the conclusion that globalization does not have too much impact on minimizing the poverty line of the world. According to Hirst, P., Thompson and Bromley (2015) after the implementation of the globalization, there is a steady decline in the proportionality of the poverty as compared to the whole number of world population. Since, globalization has developed the concept of outsourcing in the business environment. This has played extremely crucial role in developing job opportunities in the developing countries. As a result, the world has able to minimize the number of people lived below the poverty line. Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson (2012) highlighted the fact that globalization has positive impact on the per capita income of the people of the entire world. Since, many businesses have able to develop and expand because of the globalization. Traditionally, globalization minimizes economies poverty because more number of integrated economies tends to grow very quickly and this amount of growth is diffused widely (Kaplinsky 2013). Particularly, in case of low-income economies, people can actually move to below the poverty line to a better jobs or lifestyle because of the implementation of the globalization process. In addition, globalization has brought about the competition among the economies. This has played crucial role in developing strong and powerful economy all across the world. However, globalization also has certain amount of negative impacts on the economy. As mentioned earlier, outsourcing of work increases job opportunity in the developing countries but it also increases the opportunity to miss-utilization of the globalization (Murray and Overton 2014). Many incidents were found were companies having practices outsourcing because it has able to get labor or worker at a very cheaper price. In the present environment, globalization has increases job insecurity to new level. Since, it induces employees to face challenges not only from the domestic market but also from the international market as well. Globalization has minimizes the chances of many small size organization or startup firms to develop their businesses effectively (Pieterse 2015). Since, the startup firms now not only have to compete with the challenges from domestic market but also have to face challenges immense competition from the international businesses as well. In the third world count ries, many belief that globalization has completely diminishes the popularity of the traditional product of these economies. According to McGrew and Lewis (2013) globalization is primarily benefited the companies the most rather than to consider the entire society for the development. Many believe that globalization provides opportunities to major multinational companies to utilize the resources of the third world countries. However, they do not focus too much on the development of these host countries. As a result, the benefit of the globalization process restricted among the developed countries people. In fact, many argue that globalization actually increases the differences between developed economy and underdeveloped economy. According to Moghadam (2012) globalization not only affected the differences between the economies but also increases the differences between rich and poor people within the economies. This is a major issue particularly in the third world. Since, globalization influences rich people to become even more rich and poor people to become even poorer. However, the positive impact of glo balization cannot be ignored as well. As globalization influences international trade to occur much more effectively, it increases the bonding among the different economies. In addition regarding the globalization process also recently enforces developed economies to manage their businesses in such a way that the benefit of the process can actually shared with both the countries. WTO initiates specific rules and regulations for the effective implementation of the international trade so that both sides can have equal amount of benefit from this processes. Conclusion: In conclusion, it can be mentioned that globalization is an issue that need to be handle very carefully so that it can prevent all the negative impacts affecting the economy. However, it has to mention that the forces behind the globalization process cannot be prevent or stopped. Therefore, it only have to direct in such a way that it actually can able to help the economies to move forward in a developed way. It is also very important that an economy develops globalization that is socially and economically sustainable. Since, sustainable form of globalization proves to be more beneficial to reduce cost that will actually help the entire humanity. Direct impact of globalization is on the health system as well as on multinational trade, policies and agreements. On the other hand, indirect impact of globalization has its affects on the factors like trade liberalization. Hence, extremely important factor actually can make or break an entire economy. References: Aas, K.F., 2013.Globalization and crime. SAGE Publications Limited. Altbach, P., 2015. Higher education and the WTO: Globalization run amok.International Higher Education, (23). Baylis, J., Smith, S. and Owens, P., 2013.The globalization of world politics: An introduction to international relations. Oxford University Press. Beck, U., 2015.What is globalization. John Wiley Sons. Benera, L., Berik, G. and Floro, M., 2015.Gender, development and globalization: economics as if all people mattered. Routledge. Docquier, F. and Rapoport, H., 2012. Globalization, brain drain, and development.Journal of Economic Literature, pp.681-730. Dunning, J.H., 2014.The Globalization of Business (Routledge Revivals): The Challenge of the 1990s. Routledge. Evans, P., 2012.Counterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Hegemonic Globalization. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Fujita, M. and Thisse, J.F., 2013.Economics of agglomeration: cities, industrial location, and globalization. Cambridge university press. Hay, C. and Marsh, D. eds., 2016.Demystifying globalization. Springer. Hirst, P., Thompson, G. and Bromley, S., 2015.Globalization in question. John Wiley Sons. Hitt, M., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskisson, R., 2012.Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Kaplinsky, R., 2013.Globalization, poverty and inequality: Between a rock and a hard place. John Wiley Sons. McGrew, A.G. and Lewis, P. eds., 2013.Global politics: globalization and the nation-state. John Wiley Sons. Moghadam, V.M., 2012.Globalization and social movements: Islamism, feminism, and the global justice movement. Rowman Littlefield. Murray, W.E. and Overton, J., 2014.Geographies of globalization. Routledge. Narula, R., 2014.Globalization and technology: Interdependence, innovation systems and industrial policy. John Wiley Sons. Palan, R., Murphy, R. and Chavagneux, C., 2013.Tax havens: How globalization really works. Cornell University Press. Pieterse, J.N., 2015.Globalization and culture: Global mlange. Rowman Littlefield. Scott, A. ed., 2013.The limits of globalization. Routledge.

Nursing concept map for mental health free essay sample

Presenting Problem: This is a 28 year-old Caucasian female who was admitted to Doctors Hospital Psychiatric Unit 4 South due to an overdose on multiple medications. The patient was found by the police on January 13th picking through garbage near the hospital. Patient overdosed on approximately 30 Alprazolam, Venlafaxine, Trazadone, Benadryl, and Nyquil. She stated she remembered taking the all of the drugs, but does not remember anything after that. Patient believes that the stressors in her life are what caused to overdose on medication. Patient also states that the main reason she overdosed was because she was raped three days prior. Patients Perception of Stressors/Illness: Patient states that she is aware of her diagnosis. Patient believes that the stressors in her life are what caused to her overdose on medication. These stressors included financial issues, overwhelmed by school, and her job at a plastic factory where she has conflict with her boss. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing concept map for mental health or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page MENTAL STATUS EXAM Behavior: Patient was dress appropriately for the weather. The patient appears her stated age of 28. Patient’s weight was appropriate to height. She was not well groomed and did not practice proper hygiene. Patient sat stiff in the chair, often drifted during the conversation, and did not give consistent eye contact throughout the interview or at group therapy. Facial expressions were flat and she showed no emotion. Patient did not participate in group activities unless she was called upon by the social worker, and she would vaguely share her insight. Speech: Patient’s speech was organized and clear. She spoke at an extremely slow rate with a very soft volume. Attitude: Patient’s attitude was positive about getting treatment. She stated that she wants to â€Å"go home and get better so that I can care for my three children†. She comes to group activity, which shows cooperation and progress towards her treatment. Mood: Patient’s mood is anhedonic. She shows no interest in activities or in other patients. Affect: Patient’s affect was flat and she did not show much emotion throughout interview or in group activities. Thought Content: Patient did not speak unless spoken to. However, while conversing with the patient I noticed that her thoughts were appropriate to the conversation. Orientation: Patient is alert and oriented to person, place, time, event, and oriented to the significance of the circumstances of being in the hospital. Insight/Judgment: Patient exhibits fair insight and unstable judgment decisions. Although she understands that she has a mental illness, she is led to believe that suicide is the only option for her. Patient needs to improve on judgment skills. PSYCHIATRIC HISTORY Patient was first hospitalized in 2000 due to her first suicide attempt of overdose on vitamins. She was hospitalized again in 2011 when she overdosed on Tylenol. Patient has a history of anxiety attacks and depression that she has battled her whole life, with multiple outpatient treatments. PSYCHOSOCIAL ADAPTATIONS Ideas of Harm to Self/Others: Patient denies suicide or homicidal ideations at the present time. However, a history of multiple suicide attempts ultimately puts the patient at a danger to herself and possibly others. Ego Defense Mechanisms (describe how used by the patient): One defense mechanism noted from the patient was dissociation. Patient stated that she had a bad childhood, and finds it hard to trust people. I notice that now she is dissociating herself from the world and feels disconnected from reality. Another defense mechanism used by the patient was rationalization. Patient states that she has trouble at work because her boss does not like her. Lastly, patient uses suppression when dealing with stressors. She feels that if she ignores them, they will go away (Varcarolis, Hlater, 2011, p. 216-217) Level of Self Esteem: Patient shows signs of chronic low self-esteem. Patient stated that â€Å"I have always been self conscious, I always feel like I am not good looking enough, especially the fat on my legs†. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, when self-esteem is compromised, we feel inferior, worthless, and helpless (Varcarolis, Halter, 2011, p. 39) Communication/Interaction Patterns (nonverbal communication): Patient did not exhibit many body movements when communicating with health care staff, other patients, or myself. Patient sat still in her chair and did not show any emotion with her thought process. Patient did not make eye contact with anyone she communicated with. Sexual Patterns (consider roles, identity, lifestyle): Patient states that she is heterosexual. Patient is not currently in a relationship nor is she sexually active. She used to have multiple sex partners in the past. Psychosomatic Responses (describe somatic complaints that may be stress related): Patient states that she has a lot of trouble sleeping. Other than insomnia, patient did not complain of any other somatic responses that could be stress related. Use of Alcohol or other Drugs: Patient denies the use of drugs and alcohol. Degree of Participation in Care/Groups: Patient was part of the Blue Group (Lower functioning). Patient did not exhibit interest in any group activities or care from the staff members. Patient would only answer a question if she was called on, but she never was the first to initiate a response during group activities. However, she is aware that group therapy, activities, and adhering to the medication regimen are all part of the program to be released from the psychiatric unit. Adjustment to Illness/Disorder: Patient has been battling mental illness from as long as she can remember. She has never formally â€Å"adjusted† to her illness. She is aware that she has a problem, however she is unable to see results in any treatment she received in the past. Previous Patterns of Coping with Stress: Patient uses suppression when coping with stress. She states that she â€Å"pushes things to the side and ignores them instead of dealing with them†. Patient states that she does not know how to properly cope with stress. CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INFLUENCES Environmental Factors: Patient’s financial situation is one of the greatest stressors in her life. She is a single mother with three small children. The father is not in the picture, so she has to care for her children alone without help from anyone. Patient also does not have health care insurance,  making it difficult for her to get access to healthcare. Religious Beliefs/Practices: Patient does not obtain a specific religion. Patient states that she is an atheist. Education: Patient currently attends Oakland Community College for Landscaping. She is only four credits away from earning an associates degree. Peer/Social Relationships: Throughout the shift, I noticed that the patient did not interact with peers. When asked, she stated that she does not have friends. One patient took a liking to H.C., however she did not seem to show much interest in him. Support System: Patient mentioned that she does not have much of a support system. Her children are currently with her aunt, and that is one of the only people she can count on for help if needed. Patient states that she is independent and would rather do things herself rather than rely on others as most people have disappointed her in the past. Occupational History: Patient states that she has had many different jobs in the past. Her most recent job was at a Plastic Factory working on the line. She believes that the job will not be available to her when she gets discharged from the hospital as she did not call the facility to let them know she is unable to come to work. Avenues of Productivity/Contribution (current job status, role contributions, and responsibility for others): Patient is employed at a Plastic Factory and is responsible for herself as well as her three young kids. Patient does not receive aid from the government, nor does she receive help from the father of her children. Health Beliefs and Practices: Patient believes that most health conditions (including mental illness) can be partially treated with proper nutrition. Healthy eating and exercise are important to the patient. Other Lifestyle Factors Contributing to Present Adaptation: None other than stated above. PHYSICAL HEALTH STATUS Co-existing Medical Conditions (need for medical management): None. Vital Signs: Blood pressure: 99/69, Heart rate: 133, Temperature: 98.2 F, Respirations: 16, No pain. Lab Results: Sodium: 141 mmol/L Potassium: 4.1 mmol/L Chloride: 110 mmo/L CO2: 28 mmol/L Anion Gap: 3 Glucose: 98 mg/dL BUN: 11 mg/dL Creatinine: 0.80 mg/dL NON-AA GFR: 91 APR AMER GFR: 110 Calcium: 8.2 mg/dL WBC: 4.10 K/ uL RBC: 3.00 M/ uL Hematocrit: 32.1% Hemoglobin: 12 g/dL Platelets: 162 k/uL Urine Specific Gravity: 1.02 Results of other Diagnostic Tests: None. Client Strengths: Patient states that she is a good mother. She stated that â€Å"Even after everything, I still try my hardest to give my kids a great life†. She also states that she is very artistic. Current Medications including Dosage and Frequency. Use the MAR form, Appendix D (Include what these medications are for and why ordered for this client. Use multiple pages, as necessary. Refer to MAR. DIAGNOSIS, PLANNING, INTERVENTIONS, EVALUATION DSM IV-TR Axis (List from patient record): Axis IBipolar Disorder Type 2, Acute Psychosis, Major Depression Axis IINone. Axis IIINone. Axis IVSupport group, occupational problems, economic problems, access to health care. Axis V 10-20. Nursing Diagnosis #1 (highest priority): Risk For Suicide RT: History of Prior Suicide Attempts (2000, 2011, 2013) AEB: Suicidal Ideations Short-term Goals/Objective (in measurable terms, with timeframe stated) 1. Patient will remain safe while in the hospital, with the aid of nursing intervention and support (Varcarolis, 2011, p. 483). 2. Patient will name two people she can call if thoughts of suicide recur before discharge (Varcarolis, 2011, p. 483). 3. State one positive thought everyday and why that positive thought makes her want to continue to live (Varcarolis, 2011, p. 483). 4. Make a no-suicide contract with the nurse covering the next 24 hours, then renegotiate the terms at that time (Varcarolis, 2011, p. 483). Nursing Interventions with scientific rationales: Identify one scholarly research reference for at least one nursing intervention from the priority diagnosis (provide copy.) 1. During the crisis period, health care workers will continue to emphasize the following four points: the crisis is temporary, unbearable pain can be survived, help is available, and you are not alone. Rationale: Because of â€Å"tunnel vision,† patients do not have perspective on their lives. These statements give perspective to the patient and help offer hope for the future (Varcarolis, 2011, p. 483). 2. Follow unit protocol for suicide regarding creating a safe environment. Rationale: Provide safe environment during time patient is actively suicidal and impulsive; self destructive acts are perceived as the only way out of an intolerable situation (Varcarolis, 2011, p. 484). 3. Keep accurate records of patient’s verbal and physical behaviors and all nursing/physician actions. Rationale: These might become court documents. If patient checks and attention to patient’s need or request are not documented, they do not exist in the court of law (Varcarolis, 2011, p. 484). 4. Put on either suicide precautions or suicide observation. Rationale: Protection of all patient’s life at all costs during crisis is part of medical and nursing staff responsibility. Follow hospital protocol (Varcarolis, 2011, p. 484). 5. Keep accurate and timely records, document patient’s activity, usually every 15 minutes (follow hospital protocol. Rationale: Accurate documentation is vital. The chart is a legal document as to patient’s ongoing status, interventions taken, and by whom (Varcarolis, 2011, p. 484). 6. Construct a no-suicide contract between the suicidal patient and nurse. Use clear, simple launguage. When contract is up, it is renegotiated. Rationale: The no-suicide contract helps patients know what to do when they begin to feel overwhelmed by pain (Varcarolis, 2011, p. 484). Patient Outcome/Evaluation Criteria (Evaluate the patient’s progress toward their goals). 1. MET: Patient stayed safe while in the hospital and was recently discharged. 2. PARTIALLY MET: Patient states that she will call her aunt if she has thoughts of suicide. 3. MET: Patient states she wants to live because she has three young children at home. 4. NOT MET: Patient did not make a no-suicide contract with the nurse. Nursing Diagnosis #2: Rape Trauma Syndrome RT: Sexual Assault AEB: Suicide Attempt Short-term Goals/Objective (in measurable terms, with timeframe stated) 1. Patient will express reactions and feelings about the assault before discharge (Varcarolis, 2011, p. 472). 2. Patient will have a short-term plan for handling immediate situational needs before discharge (Varcarolis, 2011, p. 472). 3. List common physical, social, and emotional reactions that often follow a sexual assault by the end of the day (Varcarolis, 2011, p. 472). 4. Patient will have access to information on obtaining competent legal council (Varcarolis, 2011, p. 472). Nursing Interventions with scientific rationales: 1. Approach victim in a nonjudgmental manner. Rationale: Nurses’ attitudes can have an important therapeutic impact. Displays of shock, horror, disgust, or disbelief are not appropriate (Varcarolis, 2011, p. 473). 2. Confidentiality is crucial. Rationale: The client’s situation is not to be discussed with anyone other than medical personnel involved unless victim gives consent (Varcarolis, 2011, p. 473). 3. Explain to victim the signs and symptoms many people experience during the long-term phase, like nightmares, anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Rationale: Many individuals think they are going crazy as time goes on and are not aware that this is a process that many people in their situation have experienced (Varcarolis, 2011, p. 473). 4. Listen and let the victim talk. Do not press the patient to talk. Rationale: When people feel understood, they feel more in control  of their situation (Varcarolis, 2011, p. 473). 5. Stress that they did the right thing to save their life. Rationale: Rape victims might feel guilt or shame. Reinforcing that they did what they had to do to stay alive can reduce guilt and maintain self-esteem (Varcarolis, 2011, p. 473). 6. Do not use judgmental language. Rationale: Use the words: reported not alleged, declined not refused, and penetration not intercourse (Varcarolis, 2011, p. 473). Patient Outcome/Evaluation Criteria (Evaluate the patient’s progress toward their goals). 1. PARTIALLY MET: Patient expressed a few feelings about the incident, but nothing in depth. 2. NOT MET: Patient does not have a short-term plan for handling immediate situational needs. 3. NOT MET: Patient did not list common physical, social, or emotional factors following a sexual assault. 4. MET: Patient will have access to information on obtaining competent legal council. Additional Data Needed: I would like to receive more information on her past psychiatric history, as well as the details regarding the recent sexual assault. Patient did not answer questions in detail when asked. Learning Needs of Client to be addressed through Teaching: Patient needs more information regarding coping skills. Patient seems to be making the same mistakes (suicide attempt) over and over again. Client’s Perception of Progress: Patient believes that she is starting to feel better, and believes that she is on her way to recovery. She understands that she will need an intense outpatient therapy once she is discharged. Student Reflection: It is always interesting to talk to different patient’s and to understand the reasoning behind their mental illness. From my experience, I notice that stress is usually the cause of exacerbated symptoms of a latent mental illness. As with H.C., multiple life stressors are what caused her to feel the need to attempt suicide for the third time. As always, speaking with H.C. has helped me with my communication techniques. Although she was not as verbal as other patient’s that I have had in the past, it was a nice change that ultimately challenged me to take charge and ask open-ended questions to be able to fully understand her more in detail. It will be a long road to recovery, but I see hope in the future for H.C. if she receives extensive outpatient treatment. References Varcarolis, E.M. (2011). Manual of psychiatric nursing care planning: assessment guides, diagnoses, psychopharmacology (fourth edition). St. Louis, MO: Saunders. Varcarolis, E.M., Halter, M.J. (2011). Foundations of psychiatric mental health nursing, a clinical approach. (sixth edition). St. Louis, MO: Saunders.a